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The Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Mangueira is one of the most traditional and best supported Samba schools in Rio de Janeiro. It was founded on April 28, 1928 in Morro da Mangueira, near the region of Maracanã by Carlos Cachaça, Cartola, Zé Espinguela, Nelson Cavaquinho, among others. It is headquartered on Rua Visconde de Niterói, in the district of the same name. == History == Back in the days when samba was not highly regarded outside of the samba schools themselves, the community around Mangueira emerged as a pioneer of the Rio Carnival through its 'Cordões', in which a group of masked participants were led by a teacher with a whistle followed by a veritable percussion orchestra. In Mangueira, there were at least two Cordões: the Warriors of the Mountain Warriors (Guerreiros da Montanha) and the Triumphs of Mangueira (Triunfos da Mangueira). Later came the 'Ranches', which introduced several very important concepts to the carnival procession: the participation of women, floats, a theme to connect the procession, and the use of woodwind and string instrumentation. They also added two special dancers, now known as master of ceremonies (mestre-sala) and flag bearer (porta-bandeira). Three ranches stood out in Mangueira: Drop of Love (Pingo de Amor), Pearl of Egypt (Pérola do Egito) and Princes of the Forest (Príncipes da Mata). By 1920 appeared the 'blocks' with elements taken from both the Cordão and Ranch traditions, along with the now familiar percussion block. These were a strong influence on the development of the other samba schools. There was no lack of blocks in ''Mangueira''. In just the ''Buraco Quente'' neighborhood, one could find the Tia Fé, Tia Tomázia and Mestre Candinho blocks. Most famous of all was the Block of Arengueiros (Bloco dos Arengueiros). It was Cartola, aged 19, who felt it was time to channel the natural gifts of the blocks' rogues and thus to show them in a more organized light, displaying the power and choreographic legacy of their African roots. Then, on April 28, 1928, meeting at Travessa Saião Lobato, 21, the arengueiros Zé Espinguela, "Seu" Euclides, Saturnino Gonçalves (father of Dona Neuma), Massu, Cartola, Pedro Cain and Abelardo Bolinha founded the ''Station the First Block'' (Bloco Estação Primeira). This block was present at the first contest between samba dancers in the house of Zé Espinguela in 1929, one of the forerunners of the samba schools, along with Deixa Falar and Portela. Cartola, who later married D.Zica, was the first master of harmony of the school and gave the final word on the choice of the name and colors: Station the First, because it was the first railway stop from the Central of Brazil Railway Station where there was samba; green and pink as a tribute to a ranch that existed in Laranjeiras, the Arrepiados. Gradually all other blocks of the hill added themselves to it and by the 1930's and 40's, Mangueira was already included in the list of "major" samba schools of the city. Mangueira was the first samba school that created a composers' wing, and the first to maintain, since its foundation, a unique beat of the surdo on first in his percussion section. On the symbol of the school, the surdo represents the samba, the laurels are the victories, the crown is the imperial district of São Cristóvão (Rio de Janeiro), and the stars, the victories. It was also the first one to develop an "opening wing", or Comissão de Frente, as it is called in Portuguese and an official criterion for the parade contest. The Mangueira holds 18 titles, and 1 Super Cup, exclusively offered in 1984, the inauguration of the Sambódromo. The Green-and-Pink was the champion on the Carnival on Monday, Portela on Sunday. Three schools went on for the Championship Saturday where they competed in the Super Championship. And Mangueira was acclaimed Super-Champion. One of the most emblematic figures of the Mangueira samba was Jamelão, which was the official interpreter of the school from 1949 until 2006. and become a true "carnival and samba institution" in Rio, with his moody ways and his powerful voice. In 2006, Jamelão suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) stroke and did not record the Mangueira theme song for the official 2007 Carnival CD, nor could he march with the school any longer. In 2007, Mangueira confronted various taboos. After 79 years, Mangueira celebrated the 80th anniversary opening the doors of its percussion drums section to women. The idea of the president of the Mangueira drums, Ivo Meirelles, to accept women in the battery of Green and Pink was controversial. Moreover, Preta Gil became queen of the Drums Section (or Queen of Drums) of the school, breaking a tradition of having only queens originating from the community, elected through a contest. Luizito replaced Jamelão. On the show, the school board prevented the big star Beth Carvalho from parading, and the legendary Nelson Sargento preferred not to parade either, possibly because his wife's costume had not been delivered. Such developments led to a certain unease in samba circles and a lot of criticism for the directors of contemporary samba schools. In 2008, Mangueira underwent what many consider their worst crisis. First, their theme was not about the 100th Anniversary of Cartola, but, on the centenary of the frevo, which is not music from Rio but Pernambuco. Second, the choice of the Queen of Drums Section (in Portuguese Rainha de Bateria, and finally the involvement with the hill drug traffic, which resulted in a disappointing 10th place. On June 14, 2008, the school lost one of its greatest icons: Jamelão, the victim of multiple organ failure. The loss of Jamelão left a huge void not only in the school but also in the whole of Brazil's samba community. In 2009, after eight years as the head of the school, Max Lopes left and was replaced by the carnivalist Roberto Szaniecki. The theme was a tribute to the Brazilian people, based on the book ''O Povo Brasileiro, Formação e Sentido do Brasil'', by professor, anthropologist and politician Darcy Ribeiro. After the Carnival of 2009, there was an election, won by Ivo Meirelles, who decided to shakeup the structure of the school. Since then, new names have been hired and the first changes were the carnivalist Marcia Lage, the new MC and Flag Bearer, Raphael and Marcella Alves, and the creation of a trio called "The Three Tenors , comprising Luizito, Zé Paulo and Rixxah. For 2010, the school chose the theme ''Mangueira is the Music of Brazil'' by Marcia Lage, who was removed and replaced by Jaime Cezário and Jorge Caribé. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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